Most of its people speak an ethiosemitic or cushitic language which are both part of the afroasiatic language family, while others speak nilosaharan languages. A comparative study by tewodros yalew submitted to central european university department of political science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts supervisor prof. The ethiopian constitution requires that a population census be conducted every ten years and had given the responsibility of conducting the census to the. Conflict displacement situation report 1 idps in collective center, hamaressa, harar town idps in qoloji idp site, somali region. A socioeconomic study haradhan kumar mohajan accepted 15 october, 20 ethiopia is considered to be one of the oldest nations in the world but at present its socioeconomic condition is not satisfactory. Drivers of ethnic conflict in contemporary ethiopia. Supporting low emissions development in the ethiopian dairy cattle. The imperial period 1974 ethiopia is the only african state never colonised by a foreign power. These ethnic groups have their own way of clothing, hair styles, songs, dances and arts ethiopians have unique calendar, and unique alphabet. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Developing country management ethnic conflict by participation and justice policy that the equality is the best way for resolve this problem. The amhara and tigrean groups constitute approximately 32% of the population and have traditionally been dominant politically.
D these days ethnicity is much talked issues in the contemporary world, especially in the third world, so called underdeveloped countries by developed western countries. Evaluation finlands development cooperation with ethiopia 2000. Looking back, in the year of 1960, ethiopia had a population of 22. In 1995, the federal democratic republic of ethiopia has been formed by eprdf which is a coalition of four major ethnic based political parties that represent the amhara, oromo, tigre, and the. Pdf weaknesses of ethnic federalism in ethiopia haymi.
Ethiopia s experience with written constitution and its treatment of issues concerning ethnicity, decentralization andor federalism in its various constitutions will be put in perspective with a view to tracing continuity and discontinuity in the countrys. It traces its origin to the kingdoms that emerged in the northern highlands in the fourth century. Preventing further conflict and fragmentation in ethiopia. Ethiopia has an agriculturebased economy, wherein the agricultural sector accounts for 46. The governance and regions ethiopia is a federal parliamentary republic. It is the second most populous country in subsaharan africa. Needless to say, ethiopia is a complex society with historical fissures along topography highlander versus lowlander and religion competing states anchored in christianity or islam. Situated in the horn of africa, ethiopia is bordered by eritrea to the north, sudan to the west, kenya to the south, somalia to the east and djibouti to the northeast.
Although ethiopias official language is amharic, there are a. Yonas adaye adeto is assistant professor of global security and peacebuilding in the institute for peace and security studies, addis ababa university, ethiopia. Stability in ethiopia is important not only to the people of ethiopia, but also to the region as a whole. Telecommunication agency, the general manager of the ethiopian. Ethiopia the rise and reign of haile selassie i 191674. National policy principles and objectives ethiopia.
About ethiopia ethiopias total population is 88,0,491, making it the worlds 14th most populous country. This is a list of ethnic groups in ethiopia that are officially recognized by the government. The total population in ethiopia was estimated at 112. Indcpublished%20documentsethiopia1indcethiopia100615. Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, addis ababa. The prince developed the rudiments of a modern bureaucracy by recruiting the newly. Ethiopia figure analysis displacement related to conflict and violence context ethiopia experienced the highest number of new displacements related to conflict and violence in the world in 2018. The country enjoys diverse cultures such as world famous cuisines, woven cotton costume. With a history of over 3000 years, ethiopia is the only african country that was never.
Ethiopian dairy cattle sector reducing enteric methane for food security and. Professor christopher clapham whose studies of ethiopian politics began in the early 1960s was the author of haile selassies government. Violence in the country significantly increased and spread to new areas, and four times as many people were displaced as in the previous year. With an estimated population of more than 85,000,000, ethiopia is africas second most populous country. Ethiopia as a nation, defining it as an obsolete empirestate, a prison house of peoples. The twentieth century ethiopian elites, participating in the all ethiopia socialist movement meison and the ethiopian peoples revolutionary party eprp, viewed the problems in ethiopia as a result of class conflicts and not as an outcome of struggles between ethnic groups aalen 2002. The success of the 2007 population and housing census of ethiopia was the outcome of the collaborative efforts of the government, various development partners agencies and the people of ethiopia. Apr 19, 2018 the federal democratic republic of ethiopia is located in the horn of africa, bordered by eritrea to the north, sudan to the northwest, south sudan to the west, kenya to the southwest and somalia. Implementing new constitutions october 14, 2017 draft please do not cite or distribute i. Dont let ethiopia become the next yugoslavia foreign policy.
It is a list taken from the 2007 ethiopian national census. More than 80 languages and 200 dialects are spoken throughout the country. Forcible eviction of population by expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which individuals reside lawfully is unlawful and prohibited under. Ethiopia is a multiethnic giant with around 100 million people belonging to more than 80 ethnic groups and speaking many languages, giving its transformation greater regional significance. To observe international agreements which ensure respect for ethiopia s sovereignty and are not contrary to the interests of its peoples. Here, a point that should not be missed in any intellectual venture to understand ethnicity is the paradox that surrounds identity politics.
In chapter three survey of the constitutional development in ethiopia will be made. Ethiopia is by some scientists believed as the birthplace of human kind. Fundamental political reforms are underway in ethiopia, but as the new prime minister, abiy ahmed and his government work to bring about change in the country, historic ethnic. This tragic incident is emblematic of the volatile nature of ethnic politics in ethiopia, which has started to crack the foundations of the ruling ethiopian peoples revolutionary democratic.
I then go on to consider previous theories about the origins of these groups, and what little is known of the history of southwest ethiopia. In september 2018, china agreed to restructure the repayment pe riod for some of its loans from. Ethiopia is a subsaharan country found in the horn of africa. The oromo, amhara, somali and tigrayans make up more than threequarters 75% of the population. Population size and percentage of ethiopia s total population according to the 1994 and 2007 censuses follows each entry. The survey was implemented by the ethiopian central statistical agency csa. Ethiopia s current population is about 115 million and is expected to surpass 200 million by the end of 2049. Ethnic violence in ethiopia leaves deep wounds africa. The angloethiopian society nationalism, nationality and regionalism in ethiopia c.
Ethiopia s population is highly diverse, containing over 80 different ethnic groups. Particularly urgent is an evolving crisis in the southern nations, nationalities and peoples regional state, where the sidama, the largest ethnic group in ethiopia s south, pledge to declare a new regional state on 18 july, potentially setting off unrest and clashes between sidama activists and other ethnic groups. It is based on the information available at the time it was completed on september 4, 2015. Federalism in a context of extreme ethnic pluralism. Since then it has helped thousands of families by building decent homes with improved water and sanitation facilities. Ethnicity, democratisation and decentralization in. So far, ethiopia has conducted two decennial national censusesin 1984 and again in 1994. In developing country incidence were low and in the developing sever. But ask anybody to define ethnicity and the problem begins there is a generally recognized difficulty in distinguishing the term ethnic group from other related terminologies like tribe, clan. Library of congress federal research division country profile. The article as it was prepared for a special occasion where detailed analysis was due time and other inconveniences. Ethnic federalism has been exploited to plant division among ethnic groups so as to institutionalize and facilitate rule by the tplf and other politically affiliated groups, representing a small proportion of the population. Then there are the media reactions, and these apart from a few rare exceptions, among them. Abate mammo, a demographer, deflated the false sense of demographic reality in his article, population distribution in ethiopia.
Ethiopia, like most countries in africa, is a multiethnic state. Cultural norms and values when a foreign traveler crosses the ocean, he enters a whole new world of struggle and celebration. Ethnicity, democratisation and decentralization in ethiopia 85 while using naked force to suppress the same demands on the other. A means for managing or a triggering factor for ethnic conflicts in ethiopia. Ethiopia is a predominantly agricultural country more than 80% of the population lives in rural areas that is in the early stages of demographic transition. We encourage government and civil society to collaborate on improving conflict management policies and practices at the local, regional and national levels. The stark contrast between rural subsistence farming in ethiopia and the sprawling city of addis ababa. Since it was considered unseemly for a woman to serve in her own right, ras tafari, the son of ras makonnen and a cousin of menilek, served as zauditus regent and heir apparent. Nutrition profile background the second most populous country in africa, ethiopia has experienced strong and broadbased economic growth over the past decade, averaging 10. To ensure that the foreign relation policies of the country are based on mutual interests and equality of states as well as that international agreements promote the interests of ethiopia. Even for distinct schools of thoughts, federalism mean different. Habitat for humanity in ethiopia habitat for humanity ethiopia hfhe has been active since 1993.
Figure 14 number of crimes and persons recorded as offenders by sex and years 1,000 persons male 2000 2001 2003 277. Ethiopia ethiopia the rise and reign of haile selassie i 191674. The vast majority of languages belong to the semitic, cushitic, or omotic groups, all part of the afroasiatic language family. Ethiopia is suffering from a political economy crisis at the heart of which is the contradiction between the eprdfs developmental state model and the constitutional ethnonational federation. The main change was that the country was divided into nine ethnicallybased states. Data available as of 19971998 were used to conduct this analysis. Ethiopia s political arrangement federalism structured along ethnolinguistic lines dictates that ethnic borders are also usually political ones.
Ethiopia country report ethiopia is a landlocked country located in east africa, and is bordered by eritrea, djibouti, somalia, kenya and sudan. Actors, power and mobilization under ethnic federalism, e. Today, federalism is increasingly suggested and applied as a politicalconstitutional mechanism to accommodate ethnic pluralism. We also ensure that women are empowered to play a role in peace building. Ethiopians are ethnically diverse, with the most important differences on the basis of linguistic categorization. This figure includes 62,000 people displaced in tigray region by the 19982000 border war between ethiopia and eritrea, some 50,000 people uprooted by ethnic. Southern nations, nationalities and peoples region snnpr although it smells like the handiwork of an uninspired committee, the name of this 112,323 square km region does provide an accurate reflection of its incredible cultural diversity.
Concepts and theories 25 of treaties and the coining of money is independent of the government of the associated states, and, on the other hand, state governments which in certain matters are, in their turn, independent of the general government. A stratum of the local elite of each ethnic group was encouraged to form an ethnic organisation as a platform for executive office. Ethiopia is located in eastern africa, just west of somalia. The causes of ethnic conflict in multiethnic societies.
Pdf federalism and powersharing in ethiopia kaleab. Yonas adaye adeto european institute of peace july 2019. Ethiopia since early 2018,7 although many are apparently now subsiding. It is a landlocked country with a central mountain range divided by the great rift valley. The planned 2004 census has unfortunately been postponed. Over the past two decades, primary school enrollments have quadrupled, child mortality has been cut in half, and the number of people with access to clean water has more than doubled.
In this study, i agued that with the politicisation of ethnicity in the countrys political scene. Ethiopia must abandon ethnic politics or it will explode. The birth rate in ethiopia is 36 births per 1,000 people. Ethiopia is a mosaic of about 100 languages that can be classified into four groups. Ethiopia has put new measures to prevent the spread of covid19 outbreak.
The choice of ethiopia as a case study is in no way meant to suggest. Ethiopia has failed to stop such an ethnic targeted clashes, displacement and assaults that have been repeatedly observed in different parts of the country, including in benshangul gumuz. Ethiopia ethnic violence in ethiopia leaves deep wounds. Managing ethiopias political crisis africa al jazeera. The case of ethnic extremism in ethiopia policy paper by dr. Ethiopias ethnic violence history with oromos, amharas. Ethnicity is full of ambiguity and perhaps it is this ambiguity which provides for its constant recurrence. Although the original physical differences between the major ethnic groups have been blurred by centuries, if not millennia, of intermarriage, there remain many who are distinct and unique. Lucy one of the oldest hominid findings in the world a skeleton of a female australopithecus afarensis was discovered in 1974 at hadar in the awash valley of ethiopia s afar depression. Under federalism through the 1990s, political representation and territorial administration were reorganised in terms of ethnicity. Actors, power and mobiliza tion under ethnic federalism, is made up of a laconic preface, eight.
Among them is the largest and most widespread of all of ethiopia s ethnic groups. A means to an end daniel abebe the university of chicago law school draft prepared for conference from parchment to practice. The 2011 ethiopia demographic and health survey 2011 edhs is part of the worldwide measure dhs project which is funded by the united states agency for international development usaid. Ethiopia, april 2005 cushiticspeakers include a large number of groups, most of whom live in the southern highlands. Personal identity as well as cultural identity ethnic identity always materialise in relation to somebody else. Though i was predisposed toward the ethiopia i had studied since the late 1950s, i appreciated that within its. Ict center of excellence ethiopia is working closely with ministry of education to build a strong organizational framework for ethernet that will enable it to invite, and engage a wide range of stakeholders such as universities, and involve them in helping set the direction and services that ethernet develops and delivers. Federalism is debatable not only in practice but also at theoretical levels. Dena, freeman understanding marginalization in ethiopia.
Jul 18, 2019 ethiopia is home to a number of ethnic groups. This paper highlights policy measures adopted by the ethiopian government in deliver ing on its intended. He must follow a numerous amount of rules to avoid offending the unique people of ethiopia. The people who are recorded in crime in ethiopia is very high in the male once than females. Peoples region the case of ethiopias southern nations. In 2018 ethiopia had the highest number of new internal displacements associated with conflict worldwide. Ethiopia is a composite of more than 70 ethnic groups.
Hfhe runs a diverse, innovative program, tailored to meet the local housing need. Ethiopia s population is highly diverse with different languages and ethnic groups. Ethnic amharas, for instance, have claimed ownership of the wolqait and raya territories in northwestern ethiopia, leading to tensions with the tigray region, which currently administers these. Whilst there are numerous challenges to overcome before fgm is eradicated in ethiopia. Introduction people from mixed eritreanethiopian families have been caught on the front line of hostile relations between eritrea and ethiopia, especially since the outbreak of the 19982000 war between the two countries. According to a 20 world bank report, ethiopia had a population of roughly 94. The new ethiopia is known as a country of mosaic of cultures. The oromo galla group represents approximately 40% of the population and is concentrated primarily in the southern half of the nation. Ethnic federalism and its discontents crisis group africa report n153, 4 september 2009 page 2 ii. Introduction much has been written about ethiopia s twentythree year experiment with ethnic. All travelers entering ethiopia through addis ababa bole. Ethiopia population 2020 demographics, maps, graphs. Ethiopia, the secondmost populous country in subsaharan africa, has experienced significant progress in key human development indicators. Ethiopia has experienced one of its worst population displacements due to violence in recent times.
Since its inception, ethiopia s ethnic federalism has been the subject of heated debate among various political organizations in the country, as well as among observers and scholars both in and. Blog follow us on twitter buy a poster contact us by email. This page provides the latest reported value for ethiopia population plus previous releases, historical high and low, shortterm forecast and long. But incidence of ethnic violence was different in varying country. Ethiopia population 19602019 data 20202022 forecast. Infant, child, and maternal mortality have fallen sharply over the past decade, but the total fertility rate has declined more slowly and the population continues to grow. As organisations send us their findings, reports, tools and models of change, we can update these reports and show where progress is being made.
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